APRIL 15, 1815

200 years ago today in Washington County, Indiana Territory JOHN MOORE received his title to the land claim he had made in the northwest quarter of Section 13, T1N, R4E.  He was the first settler to hold title in this square mile of land.  In fact, the Stevens Centennial History relates that Moore came to the Indiana Territory in 1806. Moore’s deed from the US government indicates that he first registered his claim to his land while the area was part of Harrison County, Indiana.  Moore’s homestead today is found at  4862 S  SR 60, Pekin, Indiana which is centered on a gentle valley through which an unnamed stream courses south toward the west side of Pekin before its confluence with the Mutton Fork of Blue River.

John Moore married Elizabeth Sowder on December 3, 1818.  She was probably the daughter of Jacob Sowder who also took out a land patent in Section 13 in 1822.

The Stevens History also reports that Moore planted the first apple orchard in the area in 1808.  The apple species that he planted  then were probably the Baldwin, Pippin and Grimes Golden.  The Baldwin species was called the Woodpecker apple as birds were particularly attracted to them.  These early American apples were more suited to cider making and baking than eating raw as they were more tart and sour than today’s apple hybrids.

John Moore was a contemporary of the famous nurseryman and missionary Jonathan Chapman [Johnny Appleseed].  Although Chapman had a large estate near Fort Wayne, Indiana where he died in 1845, it is unknown whether he ever encountered our first Washington County pome producer.

                                         JOHN MOORE HOMESTEAD AND ORCHARD

                                                          GOOGLE EARTH VIEW

                                                   BALDWIN (WOODPECKER) APPLE

                                                JONATHAN CHAPMAN GRAVE
                                                        (JOHNNY APPLESEED)
                                                      FORT WAYNE, INDIANA

JANUARY 20, 2015

200 years ago today in Washington County, Indiana Territory, John DePauw entered into a contract with John E. Clark of Shelby County, Kentucky to perform the brickwork, plastering and penciling subcontract for the construction of the Washington County Court House. He filed a $3,000 performance bond to secure his completion of the contract according to the plan filed in the Clerk’s office.  The brick work and the forming of the pillars work for the new seat of justice was to be completed by Clark by October 10, 1815.  Clark was to complete the plastering and penciling “as soon as circumstances will admit”.

 DePauw had been the successful bidder for the court house construction contract awarded by the Washington Circuit Court on August 24, 1814.  DePauw’s bid was in the amount of $2,490.  The specifications for this contract were first set out in my post of July 13, 1814.  These specifications were:

A building 45 feet by 30 feet

Arches not less than 8 feet high

Supported by 14 pillars of stone sunk 3 feet deep in the earth unless founded on solid rock

One story above the arches to be 14 feet high built of brick

4 windows of 24 panes each in the court room

2 windows for the jury rooms of the same size

2 outside doors and 2 inside doors in proportion to the building

A fireplace in each of the jury rooms

Walls to be laid in limestone mortar well pointed and pencilled and to be plastered and whitewashed [“Penciling” is the technique of painting narrow, straight white paint stripes on brick, stone or stucco walls to emphasize and visually straighten the mortar joints or to simulate mortar joints as on marbleized stucco. Most Federal Period and Greek Revival brick houses were “penciled.”]

The cornice to be handsomely made of brick moulded for the purpose

The materials to be of the best kind and also the work to be done in a good workmanlike manner

One can see that the brickwork to be performed by Clark was a major component of the construction.  In addition to laying the brick, Clark also had to make the bricks from the clay soil available in the uplands and river terraces adjoining Royse’s Fork of Blue River. The fact that Clark’s performance bond was greater than the total cost of DePauw’s construction contract highlights the importance of the subcontract he was to perform. John DePauw had faced the obstacle of the limited pool of available masons to do the brick work for Salem’s first substantial building. Those in Washington County with some masonry experience were too busy clearing their newly claimed or titled land patents to give up a year in the construction of the court house.  As reported in the post of January 17, 1815, DePauw was banking his reputation on the character and skill of John E. Clark when he induced him to leave Shelby County, Kentucky to be his prime subcontractor. Clark was successful in performing his contract and DePauw was able to complete the court house in substantial compliance with the original plans.  The Washington County Court House was accepted as complete on May 6, 1816.  Its appearance led to the sobriquet “The Stilted Castle of Justice”. At the end of this post are two different depictions of how Washington County’s first court house may have appeared.

Upon completion of his masonry work, John E. Clark was now established and determined to remain in Salem and Washington County, Indiana.  Clark used his earnings from the court house contract to stake his purchase of at least two quarter sections and a lot in Salem.  Clark’s first land purchase was from Jacob Hattabaugh.  He paid Hattabaugh $40 for lot 169 in Salem. Lot 169 is today part of three residences located on the northwest corner of South Mill and West Small Streets. Clark next bought out a land claim from his patron, John DePauw, on April 2, 1818 for the southeast quarter of Section 29, T2N, R4E.  This 160 acres was located north of Hoggatt Branch and is bordered today by SR 135 on the west and Rose Lane on the north.  Clark also purchased the claim of Allen Hodges for the northeast quarter of Section 32, T2N, R4E, on April 10, 1821.  This tract abutted the first tract on the south and today includes the site of the Lake Salinda dam and water treatment plant.

John Ellis and Catherine Hardman Clark through his masonry skills and her inheritance owned several hundred acres in the following years.  Their success fostered affectation.  They changed the spelling of their name to “Clarke”. Risky investment in the Salem and New Albany plank road and milling interests resulted in financial setbacks which precipitated the sale of much of their land holdings. Catherine Hardman Clarke died on July 10, 1849 of cholera.  John Ellis Clarke died on March 1, 1853 at the age of 1967. They were members of the Blue River Christian Church where he was an elder and were buried in the church cemetery on Blue River Church Road.  Their children married into the Morris, Cooper, and Berkey families. Descendants of John E. Clark/Clarke include George Clarke Shanks who owned Shanks Abstract and Title Co.; Hoyt Clarke Hottel who was a professor of chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and local attorneys, William L. Thompson and Trent Thompson.

                               FIRST WASHINGTON COUNTY, INDIANA COURT HOUSE

                                                              BY M.M JAMES  1976

                             FIRST WASHINGTON COUNTY, INDIANA COURT HOUSE
                                                               BY JOHN SIMPSON

                                                           HOYT CLARKE HOTTEL
                                             PROFESSOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
                                      MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
                                                    GREAT GREAT GRANDSON OF
                                    JOHN ELLIS AND CATHERINE HARDMAN CLARKE

JANUARY 17, 1815

On this date 200 years ago today, John DePauw and John E. Clark of Shelby County, Kentucky entered into a partnership agreement to operate a store in Salem for a term of one year.  As the land agent for Salem, DePauw had sold a lot on December 23, 1814 located on the northwest quadrant of the Public Square to Madison merchant Jonathan Lyon who intended on opening Salem’s first general store. DePauw must have thought that if an out of town merchant saw a future in Salem then he should benefit from his status as the central figure in the establishment of the new Washington County seat by opening a competing store.  In the Old West there was a saying that if a town was too small to support one lawyer, it could easily support two.  Maybe DePauw believed the same principle applied to general retail as well.  As there were going to be many new buildings under construction and many new households being set up, there surely would be opportunity for two general stores.

The agreement between DePauw and Clark provided that DePauw would furnish goods at a value of $1,745.40 and Clark would furnish goods at a value of $1,943.47. At the end of the year if there is a sufficient stock of goods on hand, the parties were to take out the retail value of what they each put in.  If there was not the value of goods on hand equal to the amount originally put in, then money was to be drawn from the partners in “lieu of deficiency”. One or two clerks were to be hired to be paid out of a joint fund.  All expenses necessarily attending the store were to be paid out of joint stock except for services of DePauw and the rent of a store house. At the end of year a dividend was to be paid from profits, with John DePauw receiving 2/3 of any profit with Clark receiving 1/3. Goods were also purchased on credit from Jonathan P. Brady of Shelby County, Kentucky for the sum of $1,595.  DePauw and Clark each gave their personal notes to Brady to be paid from the joint stock.

John Ellis Clark was a 28 year old native of Henrico County, Virginia born of Welsh descent. He was married to Catherine Hardman in Shelby County, Kentucky in 1810.  Catherine was a native of Shelby County, Kentucky being a daughter of Abraham and Margaret Leatherman Hardman.  The Hardman [Hartmann] family came to the American colonies as part of the wave of migration from the Palatine area of the lower Rhine River in modern day Germany.  John Ellis Clark would eventually benefit greatly from marrying into the Hardman family.  Abraham Hardman who was probably a Dunkard invested widely in Washington and Jackson County, Indiana land.  When he died in March of 1823 in Shelby County, Kentucky, his will was probated.  In addition to providing for his widow, Margaret, and his children, the will also made significant devises of land to his son in law, John. A summary of the Abraham Hardman will which was recorded in Washington County, Indiana in Deed Book H, pages 324-325 reads as follows:

   “Wife Margaret Hardman - to have "land on which I now live (318 acres); also quarter section near White River, Ind., and 3 town lots in Salem, Ind. and slave Simon, all personal property & money."

   Daughters:  Hannah Hostetler, Betsy Hostetler and Catherine Clark - to have 3/4 of my 4 gr. sections of land in Indiana.  In trust for "my daughter Polly Mitchell, after the death of her mother."

   John E. Clark to have 3 remaining gr. sections in Indiana - also tract on which she now lives in Shelby Co., on Gusse's Creek.

   Son:  Daniel Hardman "land which I bought of Knight in Ind."

   Witnesses:  Thomas Jenkins, Jacob Rush”

John Ellis Clark was a brick mason by trade and had little if any experience as a merchant when John DePauw made his partnership agreement with him regarding the Salem store.  Clark’s reputation as a mason must have been substantial as this is the reason that DePauw set him up in Salem in 1815.  As of late August 1814, John DePauw was under contract with the Washington Circuit Court to build a court house for the sum of $2,490.  As both the governmental agent to sell the platted lots in the fledgling town of Salem and the contractor to build the seat of justice for the newly established county, the establishment of a viable town was now almost entirely in the hands of John DePauw. With a shortage of younger men with proven construction skills available on the Indiana frontier, DePauw desperately needed someone with Clark’s masonry skills to fulfill his contract. The next post will describe how DePauw and Clark were able to work together so that the contract for the construction of the first Washington County Court House could be completed.

                                                       PIONEER GENERAL STORE

                                                             PIONEER BRICK YARD

  

                                          GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF  GUIST CREEK
                                                   SHELBY COUNTY, KENTUCKY
                                                    HOME OF JOHN ELLIS CLARK

JANUARY 11, 1815

200 years ago today in Washington County, Indiana Territory, Thomas Saint was holding a deed for recording with Basil Prather--the Recorder of Washington County, Indiana.  Joshua and Chlorinda Redman Thompson had sold their land patent located in the upper reaches of Brock Creek which was described as the northeast quarter of Section 3, T2N, R4E on January 9, 1815 to Thomas Saint for the sum of $500.  Saint had traveled to Silver Creek Township in Clark County, Indiana to close the transaction. The deed was witnessed by Chapman Denslow and certified by Absalom Littell who was a Justice of the Peace in Clark County, Indiana.  Although Joshua Thompson was designated as a resident of Harrison County when he acquired title to this land on August 27, 1812, the Thompsons soon moved to Clark County, Indiana where Chlorinda’s father had a large 500 acre tract to clear, farm and manage.

Joshua Thompson was born in 1785 in North Carolina and died in April 16, 1876.

Chlorinda Redman Thompson was born in Montgomery County, Maryland and died on April 11, 1840.  Both are buried in the New Chapel United Methodist Cemetery near Watson, Clark County, Indiana.  Chlorinda Thompson was the sister in law of the son of Basil Prather who would be receiving the Saint deed for entry.  More significantly, she was the daughter of Benjamin Redman who purchased Clark Grant #69 on Silver Creek from William and Lucy Croghan in 1801.   Lucy Croghan was sister of George Rogers Clark.  The Croghans were wealthy planters who lived at Locust Grove which was their plantation east of Louisville.  Their restored Georgian mansion built in 1790 and grounds on Blankenbaker Lane can be visited today.

The witness to the Thompson to Saint deed, Chapman Denslow, was born in Kent, Connecticut in 1772.  As a young man he moved to Columbia County, New York where he married Sarah Hogeboom who was of Dutch descent.  They then came west with their four children to the new State of Ohio and settled in the Scioto River Valley at Circleville in 1806. Two years later they resettled in Clark County, Indiana.  Being a pair of peripatetic persuasion, the Denslows then moved to Jennings County, Indiana when it was organized in 1817.  Chapman Denslow being a “Connecticut Yankee’ had received more education than the typical frontiersman.  His literacy and experience led to his appointment as one of the first associate judges of the Jennings Circuit Court.

The Justice of the Peace that certified the Thompson to Saint deed, Absalom Littell, was a leading preacher in the Restoration Movement in Indiana.  He was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania in 1788. In 1799, his family moved to the Clark Grant above the Falls of the Ohio in the Northwest Territory.  As a young man, Absalom Littell, served in the Indiana Militia during the Tecumseh uprising.   In November of 1813 he was baptized into the Silver Creek Baptist church which was the oldest protestant congregation in the Indiana Territory.  He began preaching in 1816 and travelled to many recently formed congregations in his ministry.  During one of his travels along one of the roads in Washington County that led from New Albany to Vincennes he met Achsah Marin while taking a meal at the home of her father, John W. Martin.  They were married in November of 1819.  The frontier Baptists became engaged in the theological debate as to whether the creeds of man were consistent with the text of the Bible.  Absalom Littell left the Silver Creek Baptist Association in 1829 over this issue.  From that point on he preached in the Restoration movement along with Elder John Wright and others.

Thomas Saint was a Quaker born in Perquimans Co, North Carolina who came to the Indiana Territory with the migration of The Society of Friends.  He married Margaret Trueblood at the Lick Creek Meeting House on March 3, 1814.  Margaret was born in Pasquotank County, North Carolina. The Saints sold the land they bought from Joshua and Chlorinda Thompson in four different transactions.  Five acres were sold to Lewis Munden in 1818.  Sixty acres were sold to Levi Munden on February 18, 1823.  A half-acre on the south bank of a small bluff above upper Brock Creek was sold to Nathan Trueblood, Willis McCoy and Elisha Denny as trustees for a private school in 1823 for $5.  This school would have been an ecumenical endeavor as Trueblood was a Quaker while McCoy and Denny were not.  Willis McCoy died the next year and the school was never organized.  A residence was built on the lot and it became a residence for members of the black community that lived in the Blue River Friends neighborhood.  On August 14, 1840, Trueblood and Denny sold the lot and home to Thompson Newby for $102.25.  Newby was one of the members and a trustee of the African Methodist Episcopal Church that had organized in 1836.  His family lived here for twenty four years.  Given its location next to the farms of James Thompson and William Penn Trueblood, I believe it was part of the Underground Railroad network existing in Washington County, Indiana.

The Saints sold their remaining acreage and moved to Milford in Wayne County, Indiana in 1826.  In the 19^th century there was a protocol for the acceptance of relocated families into a new church.  The church in which the family had been a member issued a letter to the church in the family’s new community that certified their membership and their character.  The Saints requested the Blue River Monthly Meeting to issue such a letter to the Milford Monthly Meeting.   It read as follows:

To Milford monthly meeting Wayne County

Dear friends,

Thomas Saint and his wife Margaret have removed to settle within the verge of your meeting, requested our certificate to you, for themselves and their children, viz.: William, Joseph, Thomas, Samuel and Daniel; after inquiry we do not find but their outward affairs are settled to satisfaction: there are to certify that they are members of our society; and as such we recommend them to you.

Signed by direction of the Blue River monthly meeting this 2d day of the 12^th month of 1826.

John L. Harned

Avis Macy

Clerks

                                                                 LOCUST GROVE

                                 HOME OF WILLIAM AND LUCY CLARK GROGHAN

                                                            ABSALOM LITTELL
                                                     RESTORATION PREACHER

                                       GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF THOMAS SAINT FARM
                                                 AND THOMPSON NEWBY HOME
                                                      (LOOKING SOUTHWEST)

JANUARY 10, 1815

200 years ago today in Salem, Washington Township, Washington County, Indiana Territory, Isaac Moss of Rossville, Butler County, Ohio became the owner of Lot 104 in the DePauw Plat.  Moss paid $40 for this lot located at the northeast corner of South High and East Cherry Street.  This lot is now identified as 108 South High Street.  William Lindley was the original purchaser of this lot.  After making his 25% down payment, Lindley assigned his interest to Moss who completed the purchase.  The deed issued by John DePauw to Moss was witnessed by Robert Hutchinson and John Wolfington.

Moss must have been successful in making a living on the southwest Ohio frontier. Within the same year, Isaac Moss purchased 3 more lots in Salem from John DePauw.  Moss bought out the purchase agreement Thomas Hight had made for Lot 88 on April 17, 1815. This must have been considered a less desirable lot as Moss only paid $16 for it.  This wooded lot was a short distance from the previously purchased Lot 104 on the west side of South High Street between Poplar and Cherry Streets. This lot is now the southeast corner of the Eddie Gilstrap Motors display lot. Moss then bought Lots 143 and 171 from DePauw on December 2, 1815.  He paid $124 for these two lots. Lot 143 was located on South Water Street on the east bank of Brock Creek.  Lot 171 was sited at the northwest corner of West Cherry and South Mill Street near the west bank of Brock Creek.

In the next few years, John DePauw was disappointed that the gentleman from Ohio never moved to Salem or did anything to improve his four lots. Although Moss may have had aspirations for being one of the first lot owners in a new town under development, circumstances prevented him from pursuing life in the Indiana Territory.  The wife of Isaac Moss died shortly after his investment in Salem.  Moss who had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War then became infirm and applied for federal pension in 1818 as an “invalid”. Eleven years after the purchase of his four lots in Salem, Isaac Moss sold them to James H. Ready who was also a Butler County, Ohio resident.  Moss must have been under financial distress as he sold these four lots for a total sum of just $50.

James H. Ready must have taken these lots off of Moss’s hands as a favor as he resold them in a year.  Eli W. Malott bought these lots from Ready on December 6, 1827 for $160.  Ready did make the trip along the Cincinnati Road to Salem to sign his deed in the presence of Justice of the Peace John McMahan.  These four lots that originally sold for a total of $180 in 1815 were worth $20 less twelve years later. Eli W. Malott did finally develop these lots while becoming one of the most successful merchants in Salem during second quarter of the 19^th century.  The firm of Malott and McPheeters purchased much of the agricultural produce from local farmers and carted it to Louisville for marketing there and in New Orleans.  Malott and McPheeters also  bought most of the distillery output of Jefferson Township for resale in the South during this time.

Butler County Ohio which was the home of Moss and Ready was settled in April 1801 shortly after the U.S. Government initiated land sales west of the Great Miami River. This area was part of the land purchased from ten Indian Tribes through the Treaty of Greeneville of 1795.  Rossville was platted in 1804 on the west bank of the Miami River several miles northwest of Cincinnati.  Its founders envisioned Rossville as a shipping port for the rapidly growing population of farmers settling west of the Great Miami. The most practical outlet for their farm products was by flatboat down the Great Miami, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. This became possible on April 30, 1803 when the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase was signed thereby making the Mississippi River a United States possession. 

Now that the War of 1812 was reaching its conclusion, the farmers of southern Ohio and of Indiana looked south to New Orleans as the central market for their meat and crops grown from the bounty of the Ohio River Valley which was now at peace. It appears that Isaac Moss was unable to transfer his modest success from the banks of the Great Miami River of Butler County, Ohio to the banks of a tributary of Blue River in Washington County, Indiana.

                                       GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF ISAAC MOSS LOTS

                                           ROSSVILLE OHIO HISTORICAL MARKER

                                     LOUISIANA PURCHASE TRANSFER CEREMONY
                                                         BY THUR DE THULSTRUP

DECEMBER 30, 1811

203 years ago in Washington Township, Harrison County, Indiana Territory, two men of German ancestry obtained their titles to land in the Brock Creek Valley.  These titles were the eleventh and twelfth deeds issued by the Commissioner of the General Land Office for land that would be located within Washington County, Indiana.  These two men in the vanguard of settlement of the Indiana Highlands were Joseph Ryman/Reiman[Reyman]and Jacob Shreader[Schroeder].

The 160 acre tract claimed by Joseph Reyman was the southeast quarter of Section 5, T2N, R4E.  Brock Creek flowed through the southeast corner of this quarter section.  It was located near the trail that led from the ford at “The Forks” of the Driftwood and Muscatatuck Rivers to Royse’s Lick.  George Brock was the nearest neighbor as his burgeoning homestead bordered on the south. Reyman’s land is seen today at the address of 2279 N SR 135 which is ten furlongs north of the present city limits of Salem.   This real estate was originally claimed by Adam Coonrod of Jefferson County, Kentucky.  Coonrod sold his claim to Reyman and then made a claim in Harrison County, Indiana in the upper Indian Creek basin northeast of Corydon.

The land purchased by Jacob Shreader was the southeast quarter of Section 33, T3N, R4E, which was immediately northeast of the Coonrod/Reyman ground.  It is located today in Washington Township at the northwest corner of Lewellen Road and John Bell Road.  Shreader bought out the claim for this land from his brother in law Martin Pottorff.  Pottorff used the proceeds from his assignment to make the down payment on the land that bordered on the west of the Shreader tract.

Joseph Reyman and Jacob Shreader had similar backgrounds.  Both were of German descent.  Reyman was born in 1766 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.   Shreader was born in 1771 in Berks County, Pennsylvania.  Reyman migrated south down the Great Valley Road to Shenandoah County Virginia where he was married in 1793 to Elizabeth Houshauer who was also of German descent.  The Reymans then came to Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap and settled in Fayette County, Kentucky where they were living when the Indiana claim was purchased. Shreader migrated south down the Great Valley Road and west through the Cumberland Gap and settled in Jefferson County, Kentucky.  He was married there in 1793 to Eva Elizabeth Pottorff who was also of German descent.

Although Reyman and Shreader shared common heritage and experience in much of their lives, they differed greatly in how they used the land they invested in on the Indiana frontier.  Shreader went on to buy additional land patents from the U. S. government in Morgan County, Indiana and in Edgar County, Illinois.  However, Jacob Shreader never left Kentucky and finally settled in Oldham County, Kentucky.  The primary reason that Shreader never came to Indiana with the Pottorffs is that he was a slave owner.  In the 1810 Federal census, the Shreaders were listed as owning seven slaves.  In the 1820 Federal census, they were listed as owning ten slaves.  Although Shreader could have temporarily brought his slaves to Indiana to assist in clearing his newly purchased land, he could not bring them to Indiana for permanent residency.  Jacob Shreader remained a slave owner and Kentucky resident for the duration of his life.  He died in Oldham County, Kentucky in 1837.

Unlike the Shreaders, Joseph and Elizabeth Houshauer Reyman left Fayette County, Kentucky in 1811 and spent the remainder of their lives in Washington County, Indiana.  Joseph Reyman was a Lutheran and hosted services at his home near Brock Creek until a log meeting house was built in 1822 on a ridge southwest of Spurgeon Hill.  Besides farming, Reyman was a carpenter and cabinet maker and according to the Stevens Centennial History built the first frame building in Salem which may have been the first store building of Jonathan Lyon. The Reyman children remained near Salem and married into the McMahan, Lindley, Trueblood, Moore and Cutshaw families. Joseph and Elizabeth Houshauer Reyman both died of a common illness on  August 26, 1835. There are hundreds of Reyman descendants living in Indiana today.  Seventy two acres of the original homestead from 1811 is still owned by the Reyman family today.


                                          GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF JOSEPH REYMAN
                                             AND JACOB SHREADER LAND PATENTS

                                                 HOOSIER HOMESTEAD FARM SIGN
                                          AWARDED TO FARMS OWNED BY HOOSIER
                                                    FAMILIES FOR OVER 100 YEARS

                                                               JOHN W REYMAN
                            SON OF JOSEPH AND ELIZABETH HOUSHAUER REYMAN

DECEMBER 29, 1814

200 years ago today in Washington County Indiana, Territory, its residents were unaware that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814 thereby establishing the terms for the ending of the War of 1812.  As the treaty was signed in the Netherlands (now Belgium), the transmittal of the dispatches and the treaty itself traveled for weeks by sailing ship across the Atlantic to reach Washington, D. C.  The British Parliament ratified it on December 30, 1814 as the document only had to cross the English Channel and take a coach ride to reach Westminster.  The US Senate ratified it on February 18, 1815 just a few days after the news and text of the treaty was received by President James Madison.

The end of the War of 1812 was a mixed blessing for Washington County, Indiana Territory.
The embargos that led up to the War of 1812 had a devastating effect on commerce and agriculture in the states along the Atlantic Coast as there were no longer export markets to keep commodity prices up.  The war itself was bankrupting the young American nation.  Many farmers and small merchants left Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina and came to the Indiana Territory for cheap land and a new start in life.  The farmers in the Indiana Territory had a good market for any surplus livestock and crops they could grow as demand to feed the U. S. military and State and Territorial militias made for good prices on the frontier.  Once the threat of Native American resistance to settlement was abated, the War of 1812 was a boon to the settlement of Washington County and the Indiana Territory.  John DePauw  and his land speculating contacts in Kentucky were concerned whether the pace of settlement in Salem and Washington County would continue once the war was over.  On the other hand, peace would hasten the process of the US Congress enacting legislation to make Indiana a state.

President Madison and his cabinet had determined in mid-1814 that the war was at a stalemate and should be settled.  This decision was immediately reinforced when British forces invaded the American capitol and burned the Capitol Building and the White House on August 24, 1814.  Madison appointed a five member delegation to travel to Ghent, Netherlands to negotiate the end of the war.  These negotiations commenced in August of 1814 and took over four months.  These American negotiators were: 1.) Henry Clay of Fayette County, Kentucky who was the Speaker of the House; 2.) John Quincy Adams of Suffolk County, Massachusetts was serving as the Ambassador to Russia; 3.) Albert Gallatin of Fayette County, Pennsylvania who was the Secretary of the Treasury; 4.) James A. Bayard of New Castle County, Delaware had been a Senator; and 5.) Jonathan Russell who was serving as Minister to Norway and Sweden.

The American goal in the Ghent negotiations was to restore the United States borders to their 1812 configuration (status quo ante bellum).  The British goal was to delineate the North American borders as won and occupied during the conflict (uti possedetis).  As the Americans had not been able to successfully invade and occupy Canada during the war, the British proposed the creation of a buffer state out of Northwest Territory from Ohio to Wisconsin that was to remain managed territory for the Indians.  This would include most of the central and northern portions of the Indiana Territory. If that had been agreed, the “dead line” which formed the northern border of Washington County, Indiana Territory would have remained the dividing line between the county under settlement and land reserved for Native Americans. The British also sought the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and navigation rights on Mississippi River.  American victories on Lake Champlain and at Baltimore Harbor caused the British to moderate their demands. As a result the Americans achieved their goal and the American/British North American borders were restored to their 1812 locations.

The Treaty of Ghent included in its Ninth Article an agreement to restore the rights to all Indian tribes to their 1811 status contingent upon the ending of hostilities by all tribes against both the Americans and the British in Canada.  This would have abrogated the 1814 Treaty of Greenville and left much of the Indiana Territory in control of the Delaware, Miami, Potawatomie, Shawnee and affiliated tribes.  However, Native Americans were not directly represented at Ghent and both sides knew that this provision was unenforceable.  The Americans ignored this provision and “purchased” settlement rights for much of the central part of the new state of Indiana through the Treaty of St. Mary’s signed on October 6, 1818.

The American and British armed forces fighting in the War of 1812 did not learn for months that the end of the war had been negotiated an ocean away so there was no truce while the Treaty was being transmitted for ratification.  Several battles were fought after December 24, 1814 including the Battle of New Orleans, Cumberland Island, Fort St. Philip, and Fort Bowyer.  Andrew Jackson’s decisive victory over the British at New Orleans on January 8, 1815 ostensibly maintained American control over the Mississippi River and made the future acquisition of West Florida possible.  However, the battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero and facilitated his future presidential campaign had no actual effect in ending the war.  In fact, many British did not know of the Battle of New Orleans until 1959 when the Johnny Horton recording of “The Battle of New Orleans” became an international hit.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

                                                                    HENRY CLAY

                                                            ALBERT GALLATIN

                                                 SIGNING OF TREATY OF GHENT
                                                             AMEDEE FORSTIER
                                          SMITHSONIAN AMERICAN ART MUSEUM

                                                              GHENT, BELGIUM
                                                     GEHNT, NETHERLANDS IN 1814